Objective To investigate the rodent species composition, density, and seasonality in different habitats based on the rodent surveillance program in Nanchang, China, so as to provide a basis for scientifically formulating rodent control strategies in Nanchang. Methods Three types of surveillance habitats including urban residential area, rural natural village, and special industry were chosen from 2017 to 2022. Rodent density was investigated by the night snap-trapping method. Descriptive methods were used to perform a statistical analysis of rodent species composition and seasonal variation of rodent density in three different habitats in Nanchang. With SPSS 26.0 and Excel 2021 softwares, descriptive methods were used to perform a statistical analysis of surveillance data, and the Chi-square test was used for comparison of rodent density across different years and habitats. Results A total of 104 121 effective traps were placed in Nanchang from 2017 to 2022, and 548 rodents were captured, with an average rodent density of 0.53%. The overall rodent density in the six years was statistically significant ( χ ²=34.857, P<0.001). A bimodal distribution with seasonal variation was found in the overall rodent density, the annual density of three dominant rodent species ( Rattus norvegicus, Mus musculus, and R. tanezumi), and the rodent density in residential areas and special industry habitats, while the rodent density in rural natural village habitats showed a unimodal trend, with the peak in July. The rodent density in rural natural villages (1.56%) was significantly higher than that in special industries (0.45%) and than that in urban residential areas (0.30%) ( χ ²=304.340, P<0.001). The dominant rodent species in urban residential areas and rural natural village habitats were R. norvegicus and R. tanezumi, while M. musculus predominated in special industry habitats (47.47%). The composition ratio of R. norvegicus in special industry and rural natural village habitats was decreasing year by year; the composition ratio of R. tanezumi in urban residential areas showed a decrease after increasing, while it was generally increasing in special industry and rural natural village habitats; the composition ratio of M. musculus in three different habitats showed an overall increasing trend. Conclusions The rodent density varies greatly in Nanchang from 2017 to 2022. The rodent density showed a bimodal distribution with seasonal changes and was high in rural areas. Specific control measures should be taken according to the changes in rodent species in different habitats to reduce the rodent density and the risk of rodent-borne diseases.

Objective To investigate the species and distribution of the genus Atrichopogon in Jiangxi province, China, and to provide basic data for the biological research of Atrichopogon in this area. Methods The netting and light trapping methods were used to collect midges from 2008 to 2017. Results A total of 16 species belonging to 5 subgenera from the genus Atrichopogon were identified. Atrichopogon formosanus, A. spartos, and A. pileolus were the widely distributed species in Jiangxi province. One new species from the genus Atrichopogon was reported, which was named as A. ( Psilokempia) ruijinensis, sp. nov., and its morphological characteristics were described. The type specimens of the new species were deposited at Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Nanchang 330038). Conclusion With the deepening of taxonomic research and investigation, more species from the genus Atrichopogon will be discovered in Jiangxi province.

Objective To investigate the species composition and distribution of biting midges(Ceratopogonidae)in nine tourist attractions of Mount Lu, Mount Sanqing, Mount Longhu, Meiling Mountain, Mingyue Mountain, Fairy Lake, Wuyuan, Jinggang Mountains, and Ruijin in Jiangxi province, China. Methods The light trapping, netting, and human trap methods were used to collect non-blood-sucking and blood-sucking midges. Excel 2007 software was used to perform a statistical analysis on the number and composition ratio of biting midges collected. Results A total of 30 831 midges were collected from the nine tourist attractions in Jiangxi province, which belonged to 126 species, 9 genera,and 3 subfamilies. Among them,there were 65 species of 3 genera from subfamily Forcipomyiinae, 13 species of 1 genus from subfamily Dasyheleinae,and 48 species of 5 genera from subfamily Ceratopogoninae. A total of 10 new species were reported for the first time, and 30 species were new records for Jiangxi province. Culicoides, Forcipomyia, and Dasyhelea accounted for 73.56%,13.47%, and 9.40%, respectively, of the total catch. There were 66 species of 7 genera in Meiling Mountain, 57 species of 9 genera in Jinggang Mountains, 37 species of 7 genera in Mount Lu, 29 species of 5 genera in Mingyue Mountain, 26 species of 6 genera in Ruijin, 22 species of 5 genera in Fairy Lake, 22 species of 5 genera in Wuyuan, 21 species of 5 genera in Mount Longhu,and 17 species of 4 genera in Mount Sanqing. Culicoides arakawae(40.64%)and C. oxystoma(35.20%)were the dominant species in the nine tourist attractions of Jiangxi province. The composition ratio of main midge species varied in different tourist attractions. Conclusion The species composition and distribution of midges, especially blood-sucking midges, in tourist attractions of Jiangxi province are obtained, which provides a scientific basis for the control of blood-sucking midges and midge-borne diseases in the tourist attractions of Jiangxi province, China.

Objective To identify the blood meal source in Culicoides using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and to study the diversity of blood-sucking habit. Methods Blood-engorged Culicoides were collected by light-traps in habitats related to human activities at a village in suburban Nanchang, China, August 2017. Species-specific primers were designed based on differences between mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences of common Culicoides hosts to set up a PCR system. The blood meal source in Culicoides was identified with positive and negative controls of animal blood source. Results Culicoides arakawae and C. oxystoma were the predominant species in the peasant household habitat, accounting for 37.01% and 33.85%, respectively. Culicoides arakawae (81.40%) was the dominating specie in chicken coops and C. oxystoma (57.66%) was the predominant specie in pigsties. Results of PCR for blood meal source in Culicoides showed that specific PCR products were amplified from the DNA extracted from Culicoides and known animal blood samples. Moreover, C. arakawae, C. oxystoma, C. punctatus, and C. homotomus could suck both human and animal blood, and they had the habit of simultaneously sucking blood from 2-4 host animals. The blood sucking index for human blood of C. arakawae, C. oxystoma, C. punctatus, and C. homotomus was 0.13, 0.63, 0.33, and 1.00, respectively. Conclusion The PCR method has advantages in sensitivity and reliability in identifying the Culicoides blood meal source. The four Culicoides are all capable of feeding on human and animal blood, with wild blood-sucking objects and diverse habit.

Objective In order to determine the diversity, distribution and seasonal dynamics of biting midges in different habitats of Nanchang city, China. Methods Biting midges were collected using a UV light traps with a suction fan, monthly collections were made during 2009-2012. Trapping was carried out twice a month (one was in the first ten-days of a month and the another was in the last ten-days of the month, and there were at least 15 days apart) from sunset to sunrise the following day throughout the study periods. Results A total of 63 874 biting midges were collected in 2009-2012. Eight genera ( Dasyhelea, Atrichopogon, Forcipomyia, Lasiohelea, Culicoides, Alluaudomyia, Stilobezzia, and Bezzia)including 88 species were identified. Dasyhelea was the main genus in residential area 's habitats (36.07%)and hospital habitats (43.50%); Forcipomyia and Dasyhelea were the predominant genera in park habitats, comprised 34.04% and 31.92%, respectively. Culicoides was the predominant genera in residential area's habitats and animal shelters, comprised of 49.14% and 86.35%, respectively. Culicoides and Lasiohelea were the main blood sucking biting midges in Nanchang city, and they comprised 41.79% of the total number of collections. There were two stationary active seasons, peaking in July and September, in a year. Biting midges were recorded from March to November in 2009 to 2012. Conclusion Biting midges are abundant and widespread in human and livestock living environments, and the transmission risk of Culicoides-borne viruses exists.

Objective To investigate the resistance dynamics for Nanchang field strain of Blattella germanica against the commonly used insecticides from 2006 to 2016. Methods Field B. germanica strains were collected from the farm product markets, restaurants, hotels and supermarkets on June and July in 2006, 2010, 2014, and 2016. Residual film method and diagnostic dose method were used. Results From 2006 to 2016, by examining with the residual film method, we found that the resistance ratios of the Nanchang field strain of B. germanica against each insecticide were as follows:DDVP, 1.44, 1.45; acephate, 0.53, 0.77; propoxur, 1.09, 1.36, 1.25, 1.74; deltamethrin, 1.36, 12.73, 16.01; beta- cypermethrin, 4.99, 3.57, 4.72, 10.04; cyhalothrin, 2.34, 5.39, and alpha-cypermethrin, 3.19, 5.99. By diagnostic dose method, the resistance of Nanchang field strain of B. germanica against DDVP and propoxur has also been found. Conclusion From 2006 to 2016, the resistance to pyrethroid insecticides such as deltamethrin has developed from low to medium level, part of them reached high level. The resistance to DDVP, chlorpyrifos and propoxur remained low. The Nanchang strain of B. germanica remains susceptible to acephate.

Objective To investigate the seasonal dynamics and insecticide resistant level of Aedes albopictus in Nanchang city and provide evidence for rational application of insecticides and controlling methods of dengue. Methods Insecticide resistance was tested with exposure tubes on adults and dipping method on larvae, adult density surveillance was conducted with double stack net and Breteau index(BI), and spoon larval method were used for larval monitoring. Results Aedes albopictus had two activity peaks between June and October in Nanchang, the average net trap index was 2.46, the average BI was 4.91. The adult Ae. albopictus showed resistance to beta cypermethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, cyhalothrinm,and DDT. The larvae were resistant to DDT, DDVP, propoxur, and cypermethrin, the resistance index was 15.53-30.07 fold. But it was susceptible to cypermethrin. Conclusion It is recommended to strengthen the surveillance of Ae. albopictus resistance and density variation and choose reasonable rotation with pesticides, to delay insecticide resistance and control dengue fever effectively.

A total 63 784 midegs were collected in the popular scenic spots, Jinggang Mountain and Lu Mountain in Jiangxi province during 2009 to 2014, two new species and 4 new records were found after classifying and identifying the specimens. Two new species were collected from Lu Mountain and Jinggang Mountain, which were named as Dasyhelea (Dasyhelea) lushanensis sp. nov. and Dasyhelea (Dasyhelea) wumazhaotiani sp. nov., respectively. Four new records were Dasyhelea (Dasyhelea)ampelis Yu, 2005; Dasyhelea (Dasyhelea) viduus Yu, 2002; Dasyhelea (Pseudoculicoides)dentiforceps Tokunaga, 1940 and Dasyhelea (Dasyhelea) paragrata Remm, 1972. Dasyhelea (Dasyhelea) lushanensis sp. nov. was resembled to Dasyhelea intosa Debenham, 1987, but the terminal of aedeagal parameral is not hook shape. Dasyhelea (Dasyhelea) wumazhaotiani sp. nov. was similar to Dasyhelea ampullariae Macfie,1934, but they can be distinguished by the morphology of the paramere with or without the curved twigs. The type specimens are deposited in the Medical Entomology Collection Gallery (Fengtai East street No. 20, Beijing 100071).

Objective To assess the risk of flies in major industries of Nanchang city, and take measures to control the density of flies at low levels. Methods The invasion of flies in major industries was investigated by method of GB/T 23796-2009. To evaluate the risk of flies in major industries, classification standard of the risk occurrence possibility was established by Delphi method. Results The results of infestation in 2008-2010 showed that flies were likely to do impact people in industries of farm product markets, small restaurants, small foodstores, food processing industry, the station. Flies may possiblly do harm to people in hotels, supermarkets, canteens, tea and dance halls, hospitals. The risk levels have a downward trend in 5-10 month of 2011. To October, there were no risk possibility in industries of hospital (including hospitals), farmers market, enterprises; fixed-point stadiums, hotels, large and medium sized catering site still exists the risk possibility. Conclusion Through environmental, physical and chemical control measures, the density of declined during the period of 7th national intercity games, but some industries still had infestation risks. So it is necessary to take scientific measures to control flies in order to protect the public health.

Objective To determine the efficacy and dosage of the different fipronil formulations against fly and cockroach. Methods GB/T 13917.1-2009 Laboratory efficacy test methods and criterions of public health insecticide for pesticide registration - Part 1: Spray fluid; GB/T 13917.7-2009 Laboratory efficacy test methods and criterions of public health insecticide for pesticide registration-Part 7: Bait and GB/T 13917.10-2009 Laboratory efficacy test methods and criterions of public health insecticide for pesticide registration-Part 10: Analogous site are adopted to test and evaluate the efficacy of the fipronil formulations. One-way ANOVA and Independent-Samples t test are adopted for the comparison of the efficacy of the different groups. Results Three kinds of 2.5% fipronil flowable concentrates from different factories belong to rank A according to the national standard. Among the six different fipronil micro-emulsions, five of them belong to the rank A and B. There is no significant difference between 3% and 6% fipronil micro-emulsions on the efficacy against fly (P > 0.05). The 0.05% cockroach bait belong to the rank A, which has no significant difference with other baits (P > 0.05). Conclusion Different fipronil formulations have high efficacy against fly and cockroach, but should be used in lower dose.

The biting midges (in the family Ceratopogonidae) in various habitats in Nanchang city, Jiangxi province, China were investigated from 2008 to 2010, and a new species of the subgenus Forcipomyia of biting midges was found by identifying the collected samples. The new species was Forcipomyia (Forcipomyia) hongdouensis Yu, Liu et Chen, sp. nov., named after Hongdu park, Qingyunpu town, Nanchang city, where its samples were collected. The specimens of the new species were deposited in the Medical Entomology Collection Gallery, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Chinese Academy of Military Medical Sciences (20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071). Forcipomyia (Forcipomyia) hongdouensis Yu and Liu sp. nov. (Figure 1) Diagnosis: Male: of large size; compound eyes bare, and the 3rd segment of palpus slender and with a light sensory pit; the distal 4th segment of flagellomere elongated, and the 12th segment longest; legs pale yellow without any spot; TR<1, hind tibia with 8 terminal bristles, and 13 comb teeth; aedeagus long shield-like and paramere X-shaped. Wing length 1.64 mm, width 0.41 mm; TR<1, TR(Ⅰ) 0.58, TR(Ⅱ) 0.31, TR(Ⅲ) 0.37. F-T(Ⅰ) 96:101:28:48:30:22:15, F-T(Ⅱ) 108:118:20:64:33:22:15,F-T(Ⅲ) 110:123:26:70:36:26:15. This new species has a highly distinctive palpus different from that of other species of the subgenus Forcipomyia, because of its light sensory pit. But it resembles to F.(F.) fuliginosa (Meigen), 1818 and F.(F.) intosa (Chan and LeRoux,1971) in the structure of the genitalia; it is also similar to the F.(F.) striaticornis (Kieffer),1902, in the structures of the aedeagus and paramere, but is distinguished by the light branch of aedeagus. Holotype: Male ( ♂). 2010-10-28, collected from Hongdu park, Qingyunpu town, Nanchang city, Jiangxi province, China. Deposited in the Medical Entomology Collection Gallery, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Chinese Academy of Military Medical Sciences (20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071). Female: Unknown.

Objective To determine the population distribution and seasonal fluctuation of rats in Nanchang city. Methods Night trapping and powder trace were employed to survey the rat density in different settings over four years. Results The rodent densities were 1.24% and 5.96% by night-trapping and powder trace, respectively. Two peaks of rat density were found to begin from March and September. Rattus norvegicus, R. tanezumi and Mus musculus accounted for 35.62%, 23.84% and 33.38% in the captured rats. R. norvegicus in residential areas accounted for 56.99%. R. norvegicus and M. musculus in special industries accounted for 49.84% and 27.54%, respectively. M. musculus and R. tanezumi in rural villages accounted for 45.71% and 30.48%, respectively. Conclusion The rodent density in Nanchang was relatively high with obvious seasonal fluctuation. The dominant species had shifted from R. norvegicus to M. musculus, and different dominant species were found in varying environments.

In October 2009, approximately 170 midegs (including specimens of the genera Alluaudomyia, Culicoides, Dasyhelea, Forcipomyia, and Stilobezzia) were collected in Jinggangshan, Jiangxi province. Among them, a new species of Alluaudomyia was found and named A. haiyingi. The specimens of the new species were deposited in the Medical Entomology Collection Gallery, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (20 Dongda Jie, Fengtai, Beijing 100071).

Objective To determine the changes of carboxylesterase (CarE) activity in Culex pipiens quinqusfasciatus treated with cypermethrin and propoxur at sublethal doses. Methods The enzyme activities were measured in vitro with an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. Results After 24 h treatment, the enzymatic activity of resistant strains was 1.19 times that of sensitive strains. Significant inhibition was noted in all treatment groups after 48 h. Compared with the 24 h treatment group, the enzymatic activity of the control group, propoxur at LC₂₀, propoxur at LC₄₀, cypermethrin at LC₂₀, and cypermethrin at LC₄₀ decreased by 24.71%, 38.42%, 97.42%, 90.77% and 95.76%, respectively. The decreases in all treated groups were more significant than in the control group. Activities in resistant strains treated with cypermethrin and propoxur at sublethal doses for 48 h were significantly different from the control group, except for the group treated with LC₂₀ propoxur. Compared with the control group, the specific activity was 11.6254 nmol/(mgpro·min) in the group treated with LC₄₀ of propoxur, indicating significant inhibitory effect. In the groups treated with LC₂₀ and LC₄₀ of cypermethrin, the activity was 55.8868 and 54.5530 nmol/ (mgpro·min), respectively, suggesting significant inductive effects. No difference was noted between the two 24 h and 48 h treatment groups. Compared with the 24 h treatment group, the specific activity of the control group, propoxur (at LC₂₀ and LC₄₀) and cypermethrin (at LC₄₀) treated groups decreased by 60.71% , 59.14% , 23.68% and 47.87% , respectively, whereas the cypermethrin LC₂₀ group increased by 23.89%. The decrease in the control group was lower than those in the treatment groups. Conclusion Different levels of carboxylesterase activity were observed in sensitive and resistant Cx. pipiens quinqusfasciatus when treated with sublethal doses of cypermethrin and propoxur. Thus, indicating their different inhibitory effects and that a single insecticidal agent could have different levels of activity in different populations.

Objective To get insight into the species composition of midges in the Meiling scenic area, providing a scientific base for the control and prevention of blood-sucking midges in the area. Methods The light trap and insect net capture Methods were employed to collect midges in different habitats in the scenic area, and slide specimen were used for the identification of the species in the laboratory. Results A total of 29 species of midges belonging to 5 genera were collected, of which 13 species (11 species belonging to genus Culicoides, 2 species to genus Lasiohel) belonging to two genera, were identified as the blood-sucking midges, with 16 species of 3 genera including 5 species of Dasyhelea, 8 species of Forcipomyia and 3 species of Atrichopogon identified as non-blood-sucking midges. 23 species of midges were found to be new in Nanchang. Conclusion Researches on midges, especially on the blood-sucking midges are not well develpoed and efforts remain to be made to deepen the area in well-rounded manners.

Objective To determine the resistance of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus in different habitats in Nanchang to 6 kinds of insecticide such as dichlorvos, providing the basis for development of control measures. Methods The larvae, eggs and adults of Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus were collected from different habitats in the east, south, west, north and central part of Nanchang city. After 1 to 2 generations of laboratory breeding, the insecticide resistance of the subjects was measured by the impregnation method. Results The resistance coefficients of the mosquitoes from 5 different habitats were 1.19-2.05, 0.57-1.80 and 0.57-1.73 times to propoxur, temephos and dichlorvos, suggesting that the mosquitoes were sensitive to these insecticides. Their resistance coefficients to pyrethroids such as permethrin and cypermethrin were 5.33-56.83 and 10.39-42.17 times, indicating different degrees of resistance. Conclusion There were no insecticide resistance of Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus against propoxur, temephos and dichlorvos in different habitats in Nanchang, China. On the contrary, there were midium and high resistance against permethrin and cypermethrin. The monitoring of its inseticide resistance should be strengthened in conjunction with proper application of insecticides in order to delay resistance evolution.

Objective The current drug resistance of Musca domestica in different habitats in Nanchang was determined to  provide  the  basis  for  proper  administration  of  pesticides. Methods The  micro?drop  method  was  applied. Results The M. domestica in different habitats in Nanchang had developed varying degrees of tolerance or resistance to dichlorvos, propoxur, deltamethrin, beta?cypermethrin, beta?cyfluthrin and d?phenothrin. The LD50 of the M. domestica strains from the refuse transfer stations were 0.1664, 31.9389, 0.0348, 0.0498, 0.0059 and 0.2551 μg per fly, respectively; the LD50 of the M. domestica strains from the farmer’s markets were 0.1447, 40.7779, 0.0581, 0.0421, 0.0283 and 0.1722 μg per fly; those of the strains in catering industry were 0.1873, 51.7781, 0.0066, 0.0129, 0.0102 and 0.1990 μg per fly; and those of the strains from the residential areas were 0.2828, 39.8730, 0.0416, 0.0798, 0.0490 and 0.2342 μg per fly. Conclusion The M. domestica in different habitats in Nanchang demonstrated intermediate to high resistance to dichlorvos but low tolerance to propoxur, as well as varying resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. Therefore, it is recommended to adopt integrated control measures and scientifically and properly administer pesticides in order to delay or avoid the occurrence and development of drug resistance in houseflies for effective control of M. domestica populations.

【Abstract】 Objective To know the diurnal cycles and species community of Dasyhelea fasciigera and to provide some basic information for its control. Methods Waving net method was used in this study. Results Five new species were found, which were D.dufouri, D.caeruleus, D.ornatus, D.paragrata and D.raoheensis. The results indicated the peak of D. fasciiger dance was  4  o’clock  at  noon  with  the  temperature  of  25 ℃  and  the  humidity  of 68%. Conclusion The species of D. fasciigera are abundant in Beijing, and there is an obvious dance peak.

【Abstract】 Objective To illustrate the composition, seasonal fluctuation and the diversity of flies  at different habitants in different months in Nanchang. Methods Cage trapping method was used for the monitoring of fly density, and the species diversity index and evenness index were employed. Results The dominant species of fly were Musca domestica, Chrysomya megacephala and Lucilia sericata in Nanchang. There were two peaks in one year, one in May to June, and the other in  September. The species diversity index and the evenness index were the highest in May, reaching 0.4036 and 0.4229 respectively. In 4 different habitants, both indexes were the maximum in farm market, which were 0.4768 and 0.5280, respectively. Conclusion The population characteristics of flies can be reflected with the species diversity index and the evenness index.